Top Pearl Oyster Shells Not Elsewhere Included Fishing Countries

Pearl oyster shells, classified under "not elsewhere included" (NEI) in fisheries statistics, refer to various species of pearl-producing oysters beyond the most commonly recognized ones, such as *Pinctada margaritifera* and *Pinctada maxima*. These bivalves are prized not only for their pearls but also for their lustrous shells, which are used in jewelry, buttons, and decorative inlays. The leading countries in harvesting NEI pearl oyster shells are primarily in the Indo-Pacific region, with Indonesia, the Philippines, Myanmar, and Australia being top producers. These nations have long-standing traditions of both wild collection and aquaculture of pearl oysters, supporting local economies and export markets. The industry is regulated to balance economic benefits with the conservation of wild stocks, as overharvesting and environmental changes can threaten oyster populations. The combination of artisanal and commercial operations in these countries ensures a steady supply of pearl oyster shells to global markets, maintaining their status as key players in this specialized fishery.

Data from FAO. 2025. Global Capture Production. In: Fisheries and Aquaculture.