2100 Megacities

By the year 2100, the world’s megacities—urban areas with populations exceeding 10 million—are projected to be concentrated primarily in Africa and Asia, reflecting dramatic population shifts and urbanization trends. Cities like Lagos, Kinshasa, and Dar es Salaam are expected to surpass traditional giants such as Tokyo, New York, and London, with populations potentially exceeding 60 million each. These African megacities, once colonial outposts or modest trading hubs, have experienced explosive growth due to high birth rates, rural-to-urban migration, and economic opportunities. In contrast, cities like Tokyo and Shanghai, which dominated the megacity rankings in the early 21st century, may see stabilization or even decline in population due to aging demographics and lower fertility rates. The histories of these cities reveal a transformation from regional centers to global powerhouses, shaped by industrialization, globalization, and, more recently, climate adaptation and technological innovation. By 2100, the world’s largest cities will be defined not only by their immense populations but also by their resilience and adaptability in the face of unprecedented environmental and social challenges.

Data from UN World Urbanization Prospects